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Seizure Action Plans

CE / CME

SAP-port System Building: Empowering Patients With Seizure Action Plans

Nurse Practitioners/Nurses: 1.00 Nursing contact hour, including 1.00 hour of pharmacotherapy credit

Physician Assistants/Physician Associates: 1.00 AAPA Category 1 CME credit

Pharmacists: 1.00 contact hour (0.1 CEUs)

ABIM MOC: maximum of 1.00 Medical Knowledge MOC point

Physicians: maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit

Released: January 13, 2026

Expiration: January 12, 2027

Activity

Progress
1 2 3
Course Completed

References

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  2. Jafarpour S, Hirsch LJ, Gaínza-Lein M, et al. Seizure cluster: definition, prevalence, consequences, and management. Seizure. 2019;68:9-15.
  3. Sirven JI, Shafer PO, Schachter SC. Responding to seizure emergencies. epilepsy.com/manage/responding-seizure-emergencies. Accessed January 9, 2026.
  4. Samanta D. Rescue therapies for seizure emergencies: current and future landscape. Neurol Sci. 2021;42:4017-4027.
  5. Thom M. Review: Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2014;40:520-543.
  6. Caciagli L, Bernasconi A, Wiebe S, et al. A meta-analysis on progressive atrophy in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: time is brain? Neurology. 2017;89:506-516.
  7. Fialho GL, Wolf P, Walz R, Lin K. Epilepsy and ultra-structural heart changes: the role of catecholaminergic toxicity and myocardial fibrosis. What can we learn from cardiology? Seizure. 2019;71:105-109.
  8. Sperling MR. The consequences of uncontrolled epilepsy. CNS Spectr. 2004;9:98-101.
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  10. Penovich PE, Buelow J, Steinberg K, et al. Burden of seizure clusters on patients with epilepsy and caregivers: survey of patient, caregiver, and clinician perspectives. Neurologist. 2017;22:207-214.
  11. Vazquez B, Sidovar M, Squillacote D, et al. Healthcare resource utilization associated with rescue medication use in adult patients with seizure clusters: a retrospective chart review. Value in Health. 2015;18:A289-A290.
  12. Kriel RL, Cloyd JC, Hadsall RS, et al. Home use of rectal diazepam for cluster and prolonged seizures: efficacy, adverse reactions, quality of life, and cost analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 1991;7:13-7.
  13. Mitchell WG, Conry JA, Crumrine PK, et al. An open-label study of repeated use of diazepam rectal gel (Diastat) for episodes of acute breakthrough seizures and clusters: safety, efficacy, and tolerance. North American Diastat Group. Epilepsia. 1999;40:1610-1617.
  14. Patel AD. Variables associated with emergency department and/or unplanned hospital utilization for children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;31:172-175.
  15. Herman ST, Detyniecki K, O'Hara K, et al. Written seizure action plans for adult patients with epilepsy: Distilling insights from emergency action plans for other chronic conditions. Epilepsy Behav. 2023;140:109002.
  16. Chiang S, Haut SR, Ferastraoaru V, et al. Individualizing the definition of seizure clusters based on temporal clustering analysis. Epilepsy Res. 2020;163:106330.
  17. Penovich P, Glauser T, Becker D, et al. Recommendations for development of acute seizure action plans (ASAPs) from an expert panel. Epilepsy Behav. 2021;123:108264.
  18. Penovich PE, Glauser T. Seizure clusters: Practical aspects and clinical strategies to care for patients in the community. Epilepsia. 2022;63:S3-S5.
  19. Chin RF, Mingorance A, Ruban-Fell B, et al. Treatment guidelines for rare, early-onset, treatment-resistant epileptic conditions: a literature review on Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and CDKL5 deficiency disorder. Front Neurol. 2021;12:734612.
  20. Penovich PE, Stern JM, Becker DA, et al. Epilepsy treatment complacency in patients, caregivers, and health care professionals. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11:377-384.
  21. Penovich PE, Rao VR, Long L, et al. Benzodiazepines for the treatment of seizure clusters. CNS Drugs. 2024;38:125-140.
  22. Blond BN, Hirsch LJ. Updated review of rescue treatments for seizure clusters and prolonged seizures. Expert Rev Neurother. 2022;22:567-577.
  23. Shinnar S. Who is at risk for prolonged seizures? J Child Neurol. 2007;22(5 suppl):14S-20S.
  24. Gaínza-Lein M, Fernández IS, Ulate-Campos A, et al. Timing in the treatment of status epilepticus: from basics to the clinic. Seizure. 2019;68:22-30.
  25. Becker DA, Wheless JW, Sirven J, et al. Treatment of seizure clusters in epilepsy: a narrative review on rescue therapies. Neurol Ther. 2023;12:1439-1455.
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