Ask AI
Obesity phenotypes and AOM strategies

CE / CME

Obesity Management Strategies for Patients With Suboptimal or No Response to Antiobesity Medications

Physician Assistants/Physician Associates: 0.25 AAPA Category 1 CME credit

Nurse Practitioners/Nurses: 0.25 Nursing contact hour

Physicians: maximum of 0.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit

Released: September 30, 2025

Expiration: September 29, 2026

Activity

Progress
1 2 3
Course Completed

References

  1. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1597-1604.
  2. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 8. Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(1 suppl 1):S167-S180.
  3. Brown JD, Buscemi J, Milsom V, et al. Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of weight losses limited to 5-10. Transl Behav Med. 2016;6:339-346.
  4. Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:367-78.e5.
  5. Heymsfield SB, Wadden TA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:254-266.
  6. Solan M. A healthier way to look at body fat. health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/a-healthier-way-to-look-at-body-fat. Accessed September 22, 2025.
  7. Frisch RE. Body fat, menarche, fitness and fertility. Hum Reprod. 1987;2:521-533.
  8. Ibrahim MM. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: structural and functional differences. Obes Rev. 2010;11:11-18.
  9. Caleyachetty R, Barber TM, Mohammed NI, et al. Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:419-426.
  10. Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13:221-262.
  11. Flint OP, Noor MA, Hruz PW, et al. The role of protease inhibitors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipodystrophy: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications. Toxicol Pathol. 2009;37:65-77.
  12. Gensler LS. Glucocorticoids: complications to anticipate and prevent. Neurohospitalist. 2013;3:92-97.
  13. Peters A, McEwen BS. Stress habituation, body shape and cardiovascular mortality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;56:139-150.
  14. Preda A, Carbone F, Tirandi A, et al. Obesity phenotypes and cardiovascular risk: from pathophysiology to clinical management. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023;24:901-919.
  15. Sharma AM, Birney S, Crotty M, et al. Determinants of adherence to obesity medication: a narrative review. Obes Rev. 2025;26:e13885.
  16. Coleman CD, Kiel JR, Guarneiri LL, et al. Importance of early weight loss and other predictors of lower weight loss in a commercial program: a secondary data analysis. Obes Sci Pract. 2023;10:e724.
  17. Bays HE. Why does type 2 diabetes mellitus impair weight reduction in patients with obesity? A review. Obes Pillars. 2023;7:100076.
  18. Sokary S, Bawadi H. The promise of tirzepatide: A narrative review of metabolic benefits. Prim Care Diabetes. 2025;19(3):229-237.
  19. Hayashi D, Edwards C, Emond JA, et al. What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity. Nutrients. 2023;15(22):4809.
  20. Wang GJ, Zhao J, Tomasi D, et al. Effect of combined naltrexone and bupropion therapy on the brain's functional connectivity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018;42:1890-1899.
  21. Montan PD, Sourlas A, Olivero J, et al. Pharmacologic therapy of obesity: mechanisms of action and cardiometabolic effects. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7:393.
  22. Sidrak WR, Kalra S, Kalhan A. Approved and emerging hormone-based anti-obesity medications: a review article. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2024;28:445-460.
  23. Gross DC, Cheever CR, Batsis JA. Understanding the development of sarcopenic obesity. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2023;18:469-488.
  24. Grosicki GJ, Dhurandhar NV, Unick JL, et al. Sculpting success: the importance of diet and physical activity to support skeletal muscle health during weight loss with new generation anti-obesity medications. Curr Dev Nutr. 2024;8:104486.
  25. Jastreboff AM, Kushner RF. New frontiers in obesity treatment: GLP-1 and nascent nutrient-stimulated hormone-based therapeutics. Annu Rev Med. 2023;74:125-139.
  26. McCarthy D, Berg A. Weight loss strategies and the risk of skeletal muscle mass loss. Nutrients. 2021;13:2473.
  27. Lupoli R, Lembo E, Saldalamacchia G, et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term nutritional issues. World J Diabetes. 2017;8:464-474.
  28. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease. Dieting and gallstones. niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/gallstones/dieting. Accessed September 22, 2025.